Over the past 25 years, average OECD member states health expenditures as a percent- age of GDP have increased from under 8% to nearly 10% (OECD, 2021). With this investment of trillions of USD per year spent on healthcare, it is remarkable that there is little understanding based on comparative study of the comprehensive characteristics of the training of one of the central human resources in western healthcare systems: physicians. The current study seeks to address this deficiency in two ways. First, it produces a broad set of system evidence on the Canadian approach to training physicians. Second, it offers a framework for the future analysis of other national approaches to medical training – and to support comparisons among them.

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